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- Title
Effects of Stress Exposure Versus Appraisal on Episodic Memory Trajectories: Evidence for Risk and Resilience Among Black Older Adults.
- Authors
Morris, Emily P; Brown, Lauren L; Zaheed, Afsara B; Palms, Jordan D; Sol, Ketlyne; Martino, Alexa; Zahodne, Laura B
- Abstract
Objectives Chronic stressors, experienced disproportionately by Black older adults, are a risk factor for memory impairment. Racially patterned stress exposure may contribute to higher rates of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) among Black older adults compared with Whites, but less is known about the role of stress appraisal. This study examined whether chronic stress exposure mediates racial disparities in memory and whether stress appraisal moderates these associations. Methods Participants included 16,924 older adults (M age = 67.39, 21% Black) from the 2010 and 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study who completed measures of chronic stress exposure (health, financial, housing, relationships, and caregiving) and appraisal. Latent growth curves modeled longitudinal performance on a word list memory task over 6 years. Results Black older adults reported greater stress exposure than Whites, and greater stress exposure partially mediated Black–White disparities in initial memory (standardized indirect effect = −0.002, p =.009). However, Black older adults appraised stressors as less upsetting than Whites. While stress appraisal did not moderate links between stress exposure and memory, appraising stressors as less upsetting was independently associated with better initial memory. Thus, Black–White disparities in initial memory was partially offset by Black participants' appraisal of stressors as less upsetting (standardized indirect effect = 0.002, p =.016). Discussion Reducing chronic stress exposure may reduce racial disparities in ADRD risk. The counteractive effect of stress appraisal on Black–White disparities in episodic memory highlights resilience factors among Black older adults that should be characterized in future research to move beyond deficit models of ADRD inequality.
- Subjects
RACE; RISK assessment; EPISODIC memory; MEMORY disorders; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; WHITE people; AFRICAN Americans; PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience; PSYCHOLOGICAL stress; DISEASE risk factors
- Publication
Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 2022, Vol 77, Issue 11, p2148
- ISSN
1079-5014
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1093/geronb/gbab225