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- Title
Advances in Melanoma: From Genetic Insights to Therapeutic Innovations.
- Authors
Valdez-Salazar, Fernando; Jiménez-Del Rio, Luis A.; Padilla-Gutiérrez, Jorge R.; Valle, Yeminia; Muñoz-Valle, José F.; Valdés-Alvarado, Emmanuel
- Abstract
Advances in melanoma research have unveiled critical insights into its genetic and molecular landscape, leading to significant therapeutic innovations. This review explores the intricate interplay between genetic alterations, such as mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and KIT, and melanoma pathogenesis. The MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways are highlighted for their roles in tumor growth and resistance mechanisms. Additionally, this review delves into the impact of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone changes, on melanoma progression. The tumor microenvironment, characterized by immune cells, stromal cells, and soluble factors, plays a pivotal role in modulating tumor behavior and treatment responses. Emerging technologies like single-cell sequencing, CRISPR-Cas9, and AI-driven diagnostics are transforming melanoma research, offering precise and personalized approaches to treatment. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors and personalized mRNA vaccines, has revolutionized melanoma therapy by enhancing the body's immune response. Despite these advances, resistance mechanisms remain a challenge, underscoring the need for combined therapies and ongoing research to achieve durable therapeutic responses. This comprehensive overview aims to highlight the current state of melanoma research and the transformative impacts of these advancements on clinical practice.
- Subjects
IMMUNE checkpoint inhibitors; TECHNOLOGICAL innovations; GENETIC mutation; PI3K/AKT pathway; HISTONE methylation
- Publication
Biomedicines, 2024, Vol 12, Issue 8, p1851
- ISSN
2227-9059
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/biomedicines12081851