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- Title
Spatiotemporal map of key signaling factors during early penis development.
- Authors
Tarulli, Gerard A.; Cripps, Samuel M.; Pask, Andrew J.; Renfree, Marilyn B.
- Abstract
The formation of the external genitalia is a highly complex developmental process, considering it involves a wide range of cell types and results in sexually dimorphic outcomes. Development is controlled by several secreted signalling factors produced in complex spatiotemporal patterns, including the hedgehog (HH), bone morphogenic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and WNT signalling families. Many of these factors act on or are influenced by the actions of the androgen receptor (AR) that is critical to masculinisation. This complexity of expression makes it difficult to conceptualise patterns of potential importance. Mapping expression during key stages of development is needed to develop a comprehensive model of how different cell types interact in formation of external genitalia, and the global regulatory networks at play. This is particularly true in light of the sensitivity of this process to environmental disruption during key stages of development. The goal of this review is to integrate all recent studies on gene expression in early penis development to create a comprehensive spatiotemporal map. This serves as a resource to aid in visualising potentially significant interactions involved in external genital development. Key Findings: Diagrams of published RNA and protein localisation data for key secreted signalling factors during early penis development.Unconventional expression patterns are identified that suggest novel signalling axes during development.Key research gaps and limitations are identified and discussed.
- Subjects
ANDROGEN receptors; FIBROBLAST growth factors; PENIS; WNT signal transduction
- Publication
Developmental Dynamics, 2022, Vol 251, Issue 4, p609
- ISSN
1058-8388
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/dvdy.433