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- Title
Websites Selling Direct-to-Consumer Anti-Mullerian Hormone Tests.
- Authors
Johnson, Alexis; Thompson, Rachel; Nickel, Brooke; Shih, Patti; Hammarberg, Karin; Copp, Tessa
- Abstract
This qualitative study including content analysis evaluates information presented on websites by companies across the globe selling direct-to-consumer anti-Mullerian hormone tests. Key Points: Question: What information is presented by companies selling the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) test direct to consumers online? Findings: In this qualitative study including content analysis of 27 websites across multiple countries, a content analysis showed that the amount and type of information was highly varied. Most contained statements about the AMH test that are not supported by evidence, including that it can reliably predict fertility potential or age of menopause. Meaning: These findings suggest false claims about the AMH test are common, misleading consumers to purchase an AMH test in the belief that it can predict current or future fertility, which may lead to misplaced anxiety or reassurance about one's fertility. Importance: The recent provision of direct-to-consumer (DTC) Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) testing in several countries has been contentious, particularly due to concerns about judicious testing and informed consent. Objective: To describe and analyze information on websites that sell DTC AMH tests. Design, Setting, and Participants: Qualitative study including content analysis of text information from websites in multiple countries that sell AMH tests DTC. The top 50 search results from 4 different internet search strings were captured and reviewed for eligibility. Data were extracted in March 2022 and analyzed from April 2022 to July 2023. Main outcomes and measures: Themes and categories were derived from the website content using a conventional inductive approach, with a particular focus on information content, quality and accuracy, as well as the tone and language used. Results: Twenty-seven websites across 7 different countries formed the sample for analysis. Information varied considerably across websites and was organized into 6 overarching categories: (1) whether a test description was included (25 websites [93%]); (2) statements about what the test can do, which included indicating ovarian reserve (26 websites [96%]) and indicating likelihood of conceiving (20 websites [74%]); (3) statements about the usefulness of the test result, which included enabling women to adjust their reproductive timeline (11 websites [41%]) and determining whether egg freezing was a viable option (8 websites [30%]); (4) blood collection method (ie, through a laboratory or an at-home sample); (5) promotion tactics, such as stating the convenience of testing (24 websites [89%]) and using language promoting empowerment and control (7 websites [26%]); and (6) statements about limitations of the test, which included polycystic ovary syndrome falsely inflating AMH levels (13 websites [48%]) and that it cannot accurately predict chances of conceiving (9 websites [33%]). Conclusion and relevance: In this qualitative study including content analysis, most websites selling DTC AMH tests included false and misleading claims which might lead consumers to purchase an AMH test in the belief that it can reliably predict fertility potential and age of menopause. Depending on the test result, this may in turn lead to misplaced anxiety or reassurance about one's fertility and modifications to subsequent conception or contraceptive plans and behavior.
- Subjects
SALES personnel; DIAGNOSTIC reagents &; test kits; DIRECT-to-consumer prescription drug advertising; CONCEPTION; BLOOD collection; QUALITATIVE research; OVARIAN reserve; SEX hormones; FERTILITY; CONTENT analysis; MENOPAUSE; WORLD Wide Web
- Publication
JAMA Network Open, 2023, Vol 6, Issue 8, pe2330192
- ISSN
2574-3805
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.30192