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- Title
Comparative Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Candesartan and Candesartan Cilexetil: Physicochemical Properties, <italic>In Vitro</italic> Dissolution and <italic>Ex Vivo In Vivo</italic> Studies.
- Authors
Amer, Ahmed M.; Allam, Ahmed N.; Abdallah, Ossama Y.
- Abstract
The aim of the present work is to answer the question is it possible to replace the ester prodrug candesartan cilexetil (CC) by its active metabolite candesartan (C) to bypass the <italic>in vivo</italic> variable effect of esterase enzymes. A comparative physicochemical evaluation was conducted through solubility, dissolution, and stability studies; additionally, <italic>ex vivo</italic> permeation and <italic>in vivo</italic> studies were assessed. C demonstrated higher solubility over CC at alkaline pH. Moreover, dissolution testing using the pharmacopeial method showed better release profile of C even in the absence of surfactant in the testing medium. Both drugs demonstrated a slight degradation in acidic pH after short-term stability. Instead, shifting to alkaline pH of 6.5 and 7.4 showed superiority of C solution stability compared to CC solution. The <italic>ex vivo</italic> permeation results demonstrated that the parent compound C has a significant (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) enhanced permeation compared to its prodrug from CC, that agreed with <italic>in vivo</italic> results in which C suspension reached significantly (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) higher <italic>C</italic>max of 1.39 ± 0.59 μg/mL at <italic>T</italic>max of 0.66 ± 0.11 h, while CC suspension reached <italic>C</italic>max of 0.47 ± 0.22 μg/mL at <italic>T</italic>max of 2.00 ± 0.27 h, a lag period of 40 min is needed prior to detection of any absorbed CC in plasma. Those findings are not in agreement with the previously reported rationale on the prodrug formation owing to the poor permeability of the parent compound, suggesting the possibility of marketing the parent drug candesartan for clinical use similarly to azilsartan and its prodrug.
- Publication
AAPS PharmSciTech, 2018, Vol 19, Issue 2, p661
- ISSN
1530-9932
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1208/s12249-017-0879-x