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- Title
High affinity promoter binding of STOP1 is essential for early expression of novel aluminum-induced resistance genes GDH1 and GDH2 in Arabidopsis.
- Authors
Tokizawa, Mutsutomo; Enomoto, Takuo; Ito, Hiroki; Wu, Liujie; Kobayashi, Yuriko; Mora-Macías, Javier; Armenta-Medina, Dagoberto; Iuchi, Satoshi; Kobayashi, Masatomo; Nomoto, Mika; Tada, Yasuomi; Fujita, Miki; Shinozaki, Kazuo; Yamamoto, Yoshiharu Y; Kochian, Leon V; Koyama, Hiroyuki
- Abstract
Malate efflux from roots, which is regulated by the transcription factor STOP1 (SENSITIVE-TO-PROTON-RHIZOTOXICITY1) and mediates aluminum-induced expression of ALUMINUM-ACTIVATED-MALATE-TRANSPORTER1 (AtALMT1), is critical for aluminum resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Several studies showed that AtALMT1 expression in roots is rapidly observed in response to aluminum; this early induction is an important mechanism to immediately protect roots from aluminum toxicity. Identifying the molecular mechanisms that underlie rapid aluminum resistance responses should lead to a better understanding of plant aluminum sensing and signal transduction mechanisms. In this study, we observed that GFP-tagged STOP1 proteins accumulated in the nucleus soon after aluminum treatment. The rapid aluminum-induced STOP1-nuclear localization and AtALMT1 induction were detected in the presence of a protein synthesis inhibitor, suggesting that post-translational regulation is involved in these events. STOP1 also regulated rapid aluminum-induced expression for other genes that carry a functional/high-affinity STOP1-binding site in their promoter, including STOP2 , GLUTAMATE-DEHYDROGENASE1 and 2 (GDH1 and 2). However STOP1 did not regulate Al resistance genes which have no functional STOP1-binding site such as ALUMINUM-SENSITIVE3 , suggesting that the binding of STOP1 in the promoter is essential for early induction. Finally, we report that GDH1 and 2 which are targets of STOP1, are novel aluminum-resistance genes in Arabidopsis.
- Subjects
GENES; TOXICOLOGY of aluminum; ARABIDOPSIS; ARABIDOPSIS thaliana; PROTEIN synthesis; CELLULAR signal transduction; ALUMINUM
- Publication
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2021, Vol 72, Issue 7, p2769
- ISSN
0022-0957
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1093/jxb/erab031