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- Title
Shedding light on biological sex differences and microbiota–gut–brain axis: a comprehensive review of its roles in neuropsychiatric disorders.
- Authors
Shobeiri, Parnian; Kalantari, Amirali; Teixeira, Antônio L.; Rezaei, Nima
- Abstract
Women and men are suggested to have differences in vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), schizophrenia, eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa, neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease. Genetic factors and sex hormones are apparently the main mediators of these differences. Recent evidence uncovers that reciprocal interactions between sex-related features (e.g., sex hormones and sex differences in the brain) and gut microbiota could play a role in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders via influencing the gut–brain axis. It is increasingly evident that sex–microbiota–brain interactions take part in the occurrence of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, integrating the existing evidence might help to enlighten the fundamental roles of these interactions in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, an increased understanding of the biological sex differences on the microbiota–brain may lead to advances in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and increase the potential for precision medicine. This review discusses the effects of sex differences on the brain and gut microbiota and the putative underlying mechanisms of action. Additionally, we discuss the consequences of interactions between sex differences and gut microbiota on the emergence of particular neuropsychiatric disorders. Highlights: The human microbiome is a unique set of organisms affecting health via the gut–brain axis. Neuropsychiatric disorders, eating disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders are regulated by the microbiota–gut–brain axis in a sex-specific manner. Understanding the role of the microbiota–gut–brain axis and its sex differences in various diseases can lead to better therapeutic methods.
- Subjects
NEUROBEHAVIORAL disorders; SEX factors in disease; SEX (Biology); ALZHEIMER'S disease; MENTAL illness; AUTISM spectrum disorders
- Publication
Biology of Sex Differences, 2022, Vol 13, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
2042-6410
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1186/s13293-022-00422-6