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- Title
Efficient and Controllable Synthesis of 1-Aminoanthraquinone via High-Temperature Ammonolysis Using Continuous-Flow Method.
- Authors
Zhou, Feng; Cai, Lei; Ye, Wenjie; Zhu, Kai; Li, Jin; Li, Yanxing; Xu, Weichuan; Wang, Pan; Duanmu, Chuansong
- Abstract
Anthraquinone dyes are the second most important type of dyes after azo dyes. In particular, 1-aminoanthraquinone has been extensively utilized in the preparation of diverse anthraquinone dyes. This study employed a continuous-flow method to synthesize 1-aminoanthraquinone safely and efficiently through the ammonolysis of 1-nitroanthraquinone at high temperatures. Various conditions (reaction temperature, residence time, molar ratio of ammonia to 1-nitroanthraquinone (M-ratio), and water content) were investigated to explore the details of the ammonolysis reaction behavior. Operation conditions for the continuous-flow ammonolysis were optimized using Box–Behnken design in the response surface methodology, and ~88% yield of 1-aminoanthraquinone could be achieved with an M-ratio of 4.5 at 213 °C and 4.3 min. The developed process's reliability was evaluated by performing a 4 h process stability test. The kinetic behavior for the preparation of 1-aminoanthraquinone was investigated under continuous-flow mode to guide the reactor design and to gain a deeper understanding of the ammonolysis process.
- Subjects
AMMONOLYSIS; RESPONSE surfaces (Statistics); ANTHRAQUINONE dyes; HIGH temperatures; AZO dyes
- Publication
Molecules, 2023, Vol 28, Issue 11, p4314
- ISSN
1420-3049
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/molecules28114314