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- Title
Revisiting One-Carbon Metabolites in Human Breast Milk: Focus on S-Adenosylmethionine.
- Authors
Lerin, Carles; Collado, María Carmen; Isganaitis, Elvira; Arning, Erland; Wasek, Brandi; Demerath, Ellen W.; Fields, David A.; Bottiglieri, Teodoro
- Abstract
Breastfeeding is the gold standard for early nutrition. Metabolites from the one-carbon metabolism pool are crucial for infant development. The aim of this study is to compare the breast-milk one-carbon metabolic profile to other biofluids where these metabolites are present, including cord and adult blood plasma as well as cerebrospinal fluid. Breast milk (n = 142), cord blood plasma (n = 23), maternal plasma (n = 28), aging adult plasma (n = 91), cerebrospinal fluid (n = 92), and infant milk formula (n = 11) samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS to quantify choline, betaine, methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, total homocysteine, and cystathionine. Differences between groups were visualized by principal component analysis and analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test. Correlation analysis was performed between one-carbon metabolites in human breast milk. Principal component analysis based on these metabolites separated breast milk samples from other biofluids. The S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentration was significantly higher in breast milk compared to the other biofluids and was absent in infant milk formulas. Despite many significant correlations between metabolites in one-carbon metabolism, there were no significant correlations between SAM and methionine or total homocysteine. Together, our data indicate a high concentration of SAM in breast milk, which may suggest a strong demand for this metabolite during infant early growth while its absence in infant milk formulas may indicate the inadequacy of this vital metabolic nutrient.
- Subjects
METHIONINE metabolism; CEREBROSPINAL fluid examination; HOMOCYSTEINE; INFANT formulas; STATISTICS; KRUSKAL-Wallis Test; CARBON; BREAST milk; BODY fluids; BLOOD plasma; COMPARATIVE studies; INTRACLASS correlation; RESEARCH funding; DATA analysis; MICRONUTRIENTS; METABOLITES; ADENOSYLMETHIONINE
- Publication
Nutrients, 2023, Vol 15, Issue 2, p282
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu15020282