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- Title
A Water Extract from Chlorella sorokiniana Cell Walls Stimulates Growth of Bone Marrow Cells and Splenocytes.
- Authors
Ishiguro, Susumu; Roth, Mary; Welti, Ruth; Loyd, Mayme; Thakkar, Ravindra; Phillips, Morgan; Robben, Nicole; Upreti, Deepa; Nakashima, Ayaka; Suzuki, Kengo; Comer, Jeffrey; Tamura, Masaaki
- Abstract
A water extract derived from the isolated cell walls of Chlorella sorokiniana (C. sorokiniana, Chlorella water extract, CWE) was analyzed for the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-related material via the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay and evaluated for its growth stimulation effect on the bone marrow cells and splenocytes in vitro cell cultures. The extract contained low levels of LPS-related material, and a mass spectrum suggested that the extract contained many components, including a low level of a lipid A precursor, a compound known as lipid X, which is known to elicit a positive response in the LAL assay. Treatment with the CWE dose- and time-dependently stimulated the growth of mouse bone marrow cells (BMCs) and splenocytes (SPLs). Treatment with the CWE also increased specific BMC subpopulations, including antigen-presenting cells (CD19+ B cells, 33D1+ dendritic cells and CD68+ macrophages), and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but decreased the number of LY6G+ granulocytes. Treatment with the CWE also increased cytokine mRNA associated with T cell activation, including TNFα, IFNγ, and granzyme B in human lymphoblasts. The present study indicates that the cell wall fraction of C.sorokiniana contains an LPS-like material and suggests a candidate source for the bioactivity that stimulates growth of both innate and adaptive immune cells.
- Subjects
BONE marrow physiology; THERAPEUTIC use of plant extracts; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; IN vitro studies; CYTOKINES; MEDICINAL plants; CELL culture; ANIMAL experimentation; WATER; CELL physiology; MACROPHAGES; MASS spectrometry; MESSENGER RNA; TUMOR necrosis factors; IMMUNITY; ALGAE; PLANT extracts; CELL lines; BIOLOGICAL assay; T cells; MICE
- Publication
Nutrients, 2022, Vol 14, Issue 14, pN.PAG
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu14142901