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- Title
Chemical Profile, Antioxidant Properties and Antimicrobial Activities of Malaysian Heterotrigona itama Bee Bread.
- Authors
Suleiman, Joseph Bagi; Mohamed, Mahaneem; Abu Bakar, Ainul Bahiyah; Nna, Victor Udo; Zakaria, Zaida; Othman, Zaidatul Akmal; Aroyehun, Abdulqudus Bola
- Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the chemical profile, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities of Heterotrigona itama bee bread from Malaysia. The pH, presence of phytochemicals, antioxidant properties, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), as well as antimicrobial activities, were assessed. Results revealed a decrease in the pH of bee bread water extract (BBW) relative to bee bread ethanolic extract (BBE) and bee bread hot water extract (BBH). Further, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, resins, glycosides and xanthoproteins were detected in BBW, BBH and BBE. Also, significant decreases in TPC, TFC, DPPH activity and FRAP were detected in BBW relative to BBH and BBE. We detected phenolic acids such as gallic acid, caffeic acid, trans-ferulic acid, trans 3-hydroxycinnamic acid and 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, and flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin and mangiferin in BBE using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The strongest antimicrobial activity was observed in Klebsilla pneumonia (MIC50 1.914 µg/mL), followed by E. coli (MIC50 1.923 µg/mL), Shigella (MIC50 1.813 µg/mL) and Salmonella typhi (MIC50 1.617 µg/mL). Bee bread samples possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Bee bread contains phenolic acids and flavonoids, and could be beneficial in the management and treatment of metabolic diseases.
- Subjects
MALAYSIA; PROPOLIS; PHENOLIC acids; PHYTOCHEMICALS; HIGH performance liquid chromatography; ANTIOXIDANTS; GALLIC acid; SALMONELLA typhi
- Publication
Molecules, 2021, Vol 26, Issue 16, p4943
- ISSN
1420-3049
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/molecules26164943