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- Title
Effect of free chlorine and chloramines on lead release in a distribution system.
- Authors
Vasquez, Ferdinand A.; Heaviside, Robert; Zhijian Tang; Taylor, James S.
- Abstract
Total lead release in the presence of free chlorine and chloramine residuals was investigated in drinking waters produced from ground, surface, desalinated, and blended water sources. For desalinated and blended finished waters, more total lead was released in the presence of chloramine than in the presence of free chlorine; for finished groundwater and surface water, however, no statistical differences in total lead release were found. Finished water oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) differed by residual type but was equivalent by source and not affected by the addition of 100 mg/L of sulfates or chlorides. ORP measurement and development of Pourbaix diagrams showed that lead dioxide was the controlling solid phase in the presence of chlorine, and hydrocerussite was the controlling solid phase in the presence of chloramine. Lead dioxide is less soluble than hydrocerussite, which mechanistically accounted for the lower lead release in the presence of free chlorine.
- Subjects
DRINKING water; LEAD; CHLORINE; CHLORAMINES; WATER supply; WATERWORKS; GROUNDWATER; SALINE water conversion; LEAD oxides
- Publication
Journal: American Water Works Association, 2006, Vol 98, Issue 2, p144
- ISSN
0003-150X
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07596.x