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- Title
Endocrine involvement in COVID-19: Mechanisms, clinical features, and implications for care.
- Authors
Garg, Mahendra; Gopalakrishnan, Maya; Yadav, Prakrati; Misra, Sanjeev
- Abstract
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID -19) has rapidly emerged as a global pandemic with multi-system involvement. Involvement of the endocrine system is expected in COVID-19 as the interplay between severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV-2) and the endocrine system occurs at multiple levels. The widespread presence of ACE-2 receptors on various tissues suggests scope for direct viral infection. The interactions via the activation of inflammatory mediators and indirect immune-mediated damage are also postulated. Evidence so far suggests that COVID-19 can cause functional hypopituitarism by direct and indirect effects on the hypothalamo-pituitary axis resulting in inappropriate adrenal response to stress. Several reports highlight possible immune-mediated damage to thyroid glands resulting in subacute thyroiditis. COVID-19 is implicated in precipitating hyperglycemia in known diabetics and uncovering insulin resistance in those previously undiagnosed. COVID-19 has also been shown to trigger Type 1 Diabetes with ketosis. Various mechanisms including direct virus-induced beta cell apoptosis and immune-mediated beta-cell damage have been demonstrated. The presence of virus in semen has unclear clinical significance at present. In this mini-review summarize the endocrine manifestations reported so far in COVID-19 disease and explore mechanisms to decipher how SARS CoV-2 may affect various endocrine organs.
- Subjects
COVID-19; PANCREATIC beta cells; ENDOCRINE system; TYPE 1 diabetes; VIRUS diseases; THYROID gland
- Publication
Indian Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2020, Vol 24, Issue 5, p381
- ISSN
2230-8210
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.4103/ijem.IJEM_440_20