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- Title
Heterogeneity of Phenotypic and Functional Changes to Porcine Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Triggered by Diverse Polarizing Factors In Vitro.
- Authors
Franzoni, Giulia; Mura, Lorena; Razzuoli, Elisabetta; De Ciucis, Chiara Grazia; Fruscione, Floriana; Dell'Anno, Filippo; Zinellu, Susanna; Carta, Tania; Anfossi, Antonio G.; Dei Giudici, Silvia; Graham, Simon P.; Oggiano, Annalisa
- Abstract
Swine are attracting increasing attention as a biomedical model, due to many immunological similarities with humans. However, porcine macrophage polarization has not been extensively analyzed. Therefore, we investigated porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (moMΦ) triggered by either IFN-γ + LPS (classical activation) or by diverse "M2-related" polarizing factors: IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, and dexamethasone. IFN-γ and LPS polarized moMΦ toward a proinflammatory phenotype, although a significant IL-1Ra response was observed. Exposure to IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, and dexamethasone gave rise to four distinct phenotypes, all antithetic to IFN-γ and LPS. Some peculiarities were observed: IL-4 and IL-10 both enhanced expression of IL-18, and none of the "M2-related" stimuli induced IL-10 expression. Exposures to TGF-β and dexamethasone were characterized by enhanced levels of TGF-β2, whereas stimulation with dexamethasone, but not TGF-β2, triggered CD163 upregulation and induction of CCL23. Macrophages stimulated with IL-10, TGF-β, or dexamethasone presented decreased abilities to release proinflammatory cytokines in response to TLR2 or TLR3 ligands: IL-10 showed a powerful inhibitory activity for CXCL8 and TNF release, whereas TGF-β provided a strong inhibitory signal for IL-6 production. While our results emphasized porcine macrophage plasticity broadly comparable to human and murine macrophages, they also highlighted some peculiarities in this species.
- Subjects
PHENOTYPIC plasticity; MACROPHAGES; INTERLEUKIN-10; HETEROGENEITY; INTERLEUKIN-6
- Publication
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, Vol 24, Issue 5, p4671
- ISSN
1661-6596
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/ijms24054671