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- Title
Investigation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Mullein Species Extracts on Rheumatoid Arthritis.
- Authors
BAŞARICI, Mehmet Timur; ÖZMAN, Zeynep; YENİGÜN, Vildan Betül; ELMADAĞ, Nuh Mehmet; EMRE, Gizem; KOÇYİĞİT, Abdurrahim
- Abstract
Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by erosion of joints. With an estimated prevalence of 0 and 46%, it is widely seen in developed countries. A strong correlation between defective immune response and RA has been proven and tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 are dominant cytokines in RA pathology. In this study, we find anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatoid effects of Verbascum spp. Method: Two types of Verbascum spp. were collected and dried in the sun for 10 days. Plants were extracted using the Slatnars method. Verbascum spp. were further analyzed for its total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity. To used as a RA in vitro model, fibroblast-like synovicites are targeted, as this specific cell line has a significant role in the pathogenesis of RA. Two synovium samples were collected from patients diagnosed with RA. Primer cells were cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, and MTT analyze was used to determine the therapeutic range of verbascum extracts. To assess the anti-inflammatory effect of Verbascum extracts, NF-κB protein levels were analyzed via western blotting. Cells were incubated with LPS to induce inflammation for 4 h then incubated with 50 and 100 ug/mL concentrations of Verbascum extracts. Results: It has been determined that V. siniatum and Verbascum st. extract yield 74.14 and 59.77 mg GallicAcidEq/g phenoli, 34.96 and 25.26 mgQueEq/g flavonoid content and have 822.23 and 403.33 µM ascorbic acid Eq/g antioxidant capacity, respectively. By MTT essay, it has been determined that concentrations below 125 µg/mL are safe to use and NF-κB was reduced at 100 µg/mL in both species. Conclusion: These findings suggest that verbascum spp. may provide a new alternative treatment option for developing RA therapies in the future, as V. Siniatum has more potential than Verbascum st.
- Subjects
OXIDANT status; FLAVONOIDS; VITAMIN C; AUTOIMMUNE diseases; EXTRACTS; EXPERIMENTAL arthritis; RHEUMATOID arthritis
- Publication
Bezmialem Science, 2023, Vol 11, pS23
- ISSN
2148-2373
- Publication type
Article