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- Title
Towards All-Non-Vacuum-Processed Photovoltaic Systems: A Water-Based Screen-Printed Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Photoabsorber with a 6.6% Efficiency.
- Authors
Gonçalves, Bruna F.; Sousa, Viviana; Virtuoso, José; Modin, Evgeny; Lebedev, Oleg I.; Botelho, Gabriela; Sadewasser, Sascha; Salonen, Laura M.; Lanceros-Méndez, Senentxu; Kolen'ko, Yury V.
- Abstract
During the last few decades, major advances have been made in photovoltaic systems based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 chalcopyrite. However, the most efficient photovoltaic cells are processed under high-energy-demanding vacuum conditions. To lower the costs and facilitate high-throughput production, printing/coating processes are proving to be effective solutions. This work combined printing, coating, and chemical bath deposition processes of photoabsorber, buffer, and transparent conductive layers for the development of solution-processed photovoltaic systems. Using a sustainable approach, all inks were formulated using water and ethanol as solvents. Screen printing of the photoabsorber on fluorine-doped tin-oxide-coated glass followed by selenization, chemical bath deposition of the cadmium sulfide buffer, and final sputtering of the intrinsic zinc oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide top conductive layers delivered a 6.6% maximum efficiency solar cell, a record for screen-printed Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. On the other hand, the all-non-vacuum-processed device with spray-coated intrinsic zinc-oxide- and tin-doped indium oxide top conductive layers delivered a 2.2% efficiency. The given approaches represent relevant steps towards the fabrication of sustainable and efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells.
- Subjects
COPPER-zinc alloys; PHOTOVOLTAIC power systems; COPPER; INDIUM oxide; PHOTOVOLTAIC cells; CHEMICAL solution deposition; INDIUM tin oxide
- Publication
Nanomaterials (2079-4991), 2023, Vol 13, Issue 13, p1920
- ISSN
2079-4991
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nano13131920