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- Title
Opium as a Risk Factor for Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Population-based Case-Control Study in Iran1.
- Authors
Tahami, Ahmad Naghibzadeh; Khanjani, Narges; Feyzabadi, Vahid Yazdi; Varzandeh, Masoomeh; Haghdoost, Ali-Akbar
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal cancers, including esophageal, gastric, liver and pancreatic are relatively common in Iran. Furthermore, consumption of opium and its derivatives (O&D) are considerable. This study, aimed to examine the association between consumption of O&D and the incidence of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancers.METHODS: In a matched case-control study in Kerman (located in southeast of Iran), 142 patients with UGI cancers and 284 healthy people (matched in terms of age, sex and residence (urban/rural)) were recruited. Variables (using O&D, smoking, alcohol use and diet) were collected using a structured questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess the above mentioned association.RESULTS:Opium use was associated with an increased risk of UGI cancers with an adjusted OR 4.0 (95 % CI: 2.2 - 7.0). A very strong dose-response relation was observed between consumption of O&D and the incidence of UGI cancers. (Three consumption levels-none, low and high; OR = 18.7; 95 % CI: 5.5 - 63.3). This dose-response relationship was also strong even in patients with gastric cancers (OR: 9.2; 95 % CI: 2.5 - 33.7).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that opium consumption can be a strong risk factor for UGI cancers in Iran.
- Subjects
IRAN; GASTROINTESTINAL tumors; CONFIDENCE intervals; DOSE-response relationship in biochemistry; EPIDEMIOLOGY; OPIUM; POPULATION research; DATA analysis; CONTROL groups; CASE-control method; DATA analysis software; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; TUMOR risk factors
- Publication
Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM), 2014, Vol 17, Issue 1, p2
- ISSN
1029-2977
- Publication type
Article