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- Title
Recent translational approaches to biomarker and neuroimaging in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
- Authors
Yuluğ, Burak
- Abstract
Terminologically, the stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are called asymptomatic, presymptomatic, pre-mild cognitive deficit (MCI), MCI, AD. Biomarkers and neuroimaging are important in AD. There is a latent neurodegenerative process that begins years before the diagnosis of dementia. In this process, neuroimaging, blood or CSF changes should be determined for the treatment that will prevent the development of the disease. According to the studies, CSF biomarkers are more sensitive and specific than those in the plasma. The staging of the disease is not only based on clinical terminology, but also according to the biomarkers. Changes in biomarkers may herald potential clinical changes. In addition, the relationship between parenchymal changes and glucose metabolism, when the hippocampal volume begins to decrease, amyloid and tau pathology can be detected by neuroimaging are factors that reveal the character of the disease. MRI and PET used for neuroimaging are important tools for understanding these changes. Studies have shown a low correlation between low levels of amyloid B, increased tau levels in CSF and hippocampal volume. Although amyloid beta and tau PET molecular imaging are recently updated, MR anatomic morphometric measurement (hippocampal volume) is more sensitive in the diagnosis of AH than BOS and PET biomarkers. Combination (hippocampal volume and FDG-PET) determines cognitive destruction better than CSF biomarkers. The advantage of MRI is that it shows cognitive impairment with high accuracy and is noninvasive and cheaper compared to CSF, PET studies. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in AD, white matter change, decreased anisotropy and increased diffusion were seen especially in frontal, temporal lobes, cingulum and uncinate fasciculus, corpus callosum, and posterior cingulum. Functional MRI (fMRI) (Functional connections) has identified impaired functional connectivity networks. In addition, 18F-FDG PET Amyloid PET, Tau PET are used in the AD diagnosis. Both amyloid PET and Tau PET have more predictive of progression and pathophysiology. In the light of all these findings, all the markers, pathophysiological changes, and all the correlation analyzes (i.e. TNM classification) are included in the classification will provide more targeted diagnostic and treatment strategies in AD.
- Subjects
ALZHEIMER'S disease; DIFFUSION tensor imaging; CEREBROSPINAL fluid; CEREBROSPINAL fluid examination; FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging; TEMPORAL lobe; CORPUS callosum
- Publication
Anatomy: International Journal of Experimental & Clinical Anatomy, 2019, Vol 13, Issue S1, pS14
- ISSN
1307-8798
- Publication type
Article