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- Title
How bold is blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging of the kidney? Opportunities, challenges and future directions.
- Authors
Niendorf, T.; Pohlmann, A.; Arakelyan, K.; Flemming, B.; Cantow, K.; Hentschel, J.; Grosenick, D.; Ladwig, M.; Reimann, H.; Klix, S.; Waiczies, S.; Seeliger, E.
- Abstract
Renal tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia are key elements in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury and its progression to chronic kidney disease. Yet, in vivo assessment of renal haemodynamics and tissue oxygenation remains a challenge. Many of the established approaches are invasive, hence not applicable in humans. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers an alternative. BOLD-MRI is non-invasive and indicative of renal tissue oxygenation. Nonetheless, recent (pre-) clinical studies revived the question as to how bold renal BOLD-MRI really is. This review aimed to deliver some answers. It is designed to inspire the renal physiology, nephrology and imaging communities to foster explorations into the assessment of renal oxygenation and haemodynamics by exploiting the powers of MRI. For this purpose, the specifics of renal oxygenation and perfusion are outlined. The fundamentals of BOLD-MRI are summarized. The link between tissue oxygenation and the oxygenation-sensitive MR biomarker
- Subjects
KIDNEY injuries; MAGNETIC resonance imaging; OXYGEN in the blood; HEMOPERFUSION; HEMODYNAMICS; HYPOXEMIA; DIAGNOSIS
- Publication
Acta Physiologica, 2015, Vol 213, Issue 1, p19
- ISSN
1748-1708
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1111/apha.12393