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- Title
Estrogen receptors outside the nucleus in breast cancer.
- Authors
Ellis Levin; Richard Pietras
- Abstract
Abstract The estrogen receptor (ER) is the single most powerful predictor of breast cancer prognosis as well as an important contributor to the biology of carcinogenesis. In addition, endocrine therapy targeting ER directly (SERMS) or indirectly (aromatase inhibitors) forms the mainstay of adjuant therapy. Traditionally, human tumors are scored for the amount and presence of ER. However, this has centered on the population of ER found in the transformed epithelial cell nucleus. Over the last 40 years, it has been appreciated that additional cellular ER pools exist, in cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane. In this review, we discuss the important functions of extra-nuclear ER in breast cancer, including integration of function with nuclear ER.
- Subjects
STEROID hormones; SEX hormones; ESTROGEN receptors; THERAPEUTICS
- Publication
Breast Cancer Research & Treatment, 2008, Vol 108, Issue 3, p351
- ISSN
0167-6806
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s10549-007-9618-4