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- Title
Germacrone alleviates neurological deficits following traumatic brain injury by modulating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
- Authors
Zhuang, Sujing; Liu, Baogui; Guo, Shifeng; Xue, Yanzhong; Wu, Lin; Liu, Shiqi; Zhang, Chunling; Ni, Xiuyan
- Abstract
Background: Germacrone (GM) is a terpenoid compound which is reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. However, its role in treating traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains largely unknown. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into the following groups: control group, TBI group [controlled cortical impact (CCI) model], CCI + 5 mg/kg GM group, CCI + 10 mg/kg GM group and CCI + 20 mg/kg GM group. GM was administered via intraperitoneal injection. The neurological functions (including motor coordination, spatial learning and memory abilities) and brain edema were measured. Nissl staining was used to detect the neuronal apoptosis. Colorimetric assays and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to determine the expression levels of oxidative stress markers including myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the expressions of inflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Additionally, protein levels of Nrf2 and p-p65 were detected by Western blot assay. Results: GM significantly ameliorated motor dysfunction, spatial learning and memory deficits of the mice induced by TBI and it also reduced neuronal apoptosis and microglial activation in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, GM treatment reduced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress compared to those in the CCI group in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GM up-regulated the expression of antioxidant protein Nrf2 and inhibited the expression of inflammatory response protein p-p65. Conclusions: GM is a promising drug to improve the functional recovery after TBI via repressing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
- Subjects
THERAPEUTIC use of antioxidants; PROTEIN metabolism; NEUROLOGICAL disorder prevention; ANALYSIS of variance; ANIMAL experimentation; ANTI-inflammatory agents; APOPTOSIS; BIOLOGICAL models; BRAIN; BRAIN injuries; DOSE-effect relationship in pharmacology; EDEMA; ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay; HYDROCARBONS; INTRAPERITONEAL injections; INTERLEUKINS; MEMORY; MICE; MOLECULAR structure; MOTOR ability; NEURITIS; RESEARCH funding; SPATIAL behavior; STAINS &; staining (Microscopy); SUPEROXIDE dismutase; T-test (Statistics); TERPENES; TUMOR necrosis factors; WESTERN immunoblotting; MALONDIALDEHYDE; OXIDATIVE stress; DATA analysis software; DISEASE complications
- Publication
BMC Complementary Medicine & Therapies, 2021, Vol 21, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
2662-7671
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1186/s12906-020-03175-0