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- Title
Fetal and Infant Effects of Maternal Opioid Use during Pregnancy: A Literature Review including Clinical, Toxicological, Pharmacogenomic, and Epigenetic Aspects for Forensic Evaluation.
- Authors
Giovannini, Elena; Bonasoni, Maria Paola; Pascali, Jennifer Paola; Bini, Carla; Pelletti, Guido; Gualandi, Alberto; Dal Lago, Giovanni; Mercati, Andrea; Mariotti, Beatrice; Pasini, Giulia Paola; Poll, Iarina Alexandra; Fais, Paolo
- Abstract
The two primary classes of opioid substances are morphine and its synthetic derivative, heroin. Opioids can cross the placental barrier, reaching fetal circulation. Therefore, at any gestational age, the fetus is highly exposed to pharmacologically active opioid metabolites and their associated adverse effects. This review aimed to investigate all the studies reported in a timeframe of forty years about prenatal and postnatal outcomes of opioid exposition during pregnancy. Clinical and toxicological aspects, as well as pharmacogenetic and epigenetic research focusing on fetal and infant effects of opioid use during pregnancy together with their medico-legal implications are exposed and discussed.
- Subjects
COMPETENCY assessment (Law); SUBSTANCE abuse; RISK assessment; PRENATAL exposure delayed effects; FORENSIC medicine; METHADONE hydrochloride; NEONATAL abstinence syndrome; EPIGENOMICS; TOXICOLOGY; DECISION making; CAUSES of death; MATERNAL-fetal exchange; HEROIN; GENETIC variation; GENETIC polymorphisms; PHARMACOGENOMICS; FETAL heart rate; PREGNANCY complications; FETAL development; BUPRENORPHINE; MENTAL depression; SLEEP stages; PREGNANCY
- Publication
Children, 2024, Vol 11, Issue 3, p278
- ISSN
2227-9067
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/children11030278