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- Title
Improved watermark synchronization based on local autocorrelation function.
- Authors
Min-Jeong Lee; Kyung-Su Kim; Tae-Woo Oh; Hae-Yeoun Lee; Heung-Kyu Lee
- Abstract
An autocorrelation function (ACF) to synchronize watermarks has been adopted in practical applications because of its robustness against affine transforms. However, ACFs are vulnerable to projective transform, which commonly occurs during the illegal copying of cinema footage due to the angle of the camcorder relative to the screen. The cinema footage that is captured by camcorders both is projected and has undergone digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion (D-A/A-D conversion). We present a novel watermarking scheme that uses a local autocorrelation function (LACF) that can resist projective transforms as well as affine transforms. A watermark also used for synchronization is designed and additively embedded in the spatial domain. The embedded watermark is extracted in a blind way after recovering from distortions. The LACF scheme with a mathematical model is proposed to synchronize the watermark against distortions. On various video clips, experimental results show that the presented scheme is robust against projective distortions as well as D-A/A-D conversion.
- Subjects
DIGITAL watermarking; DIGITIZATION; DIGITAL-to-analog conversion; AUTOCORRELATION (Statistics); EMBEDDED computer systems; REGRESSION analysis; MATHEMATICAL models; COMPUTER graphics
- Publication
Journal of Electronic Imaging, 2009, Vol 18, Issue 2, p023008
- ISSN
1017-9909
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1117/1.3134121