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- Title
A hydrogeochemical approach to evaluate the occurrence and source of salinization in the shallow aquifers of the southeastern Imphal valley in the Indo-Myanmar range of Northeast India.
- Authors
Kshetrimayum, K.; Thokchom, Laxmi
- Abstract
The Imphal valley is an intramontane basin confined within an anticlinorium of several anticlines and synclines in the Disang Group of rocks of Tertiary age. This valley of more than 2 million people is occupied by fluvio-lacustrine deposits of Quaternary age and is located in the central part of the Indo-Myanmar range of Northeast India. The hydrogeochemical parameters of temperature, pH, ORP, TDS, Na, Cl, Br, Ba, B, Sr, Li, δO, HCO, K, Mg, Ca, NO, PO, SO in 173 samples using ion-chromatograph, ICP (AES), ICP (OES), ICP (MS) and 37 dugwells were studied to understand the occurrence and origin of salinization process for the first time. The order of abundance of ions is identified as HCO > Na > Cl > Ca > Mg > K > NO > PO > Sr > Br > B>Ba > Li > SO. Five hydrochemical facies (Na-Cl, Ca-Mg-HCO, Na-HCO, Ca-Mg-HCO-Cl and Ca-Mg-Cl) represent the types of waters. The saline-dominated water types (Na-Cl and Na-HCO) represent piedmont and the rest of the facies represent alluvial plain and flood plain groundwaters. Durov's diagram reveales initial and intermediate stages of groundwater evolution. Isotope δO, Gibbs diagram and ions scatter plots suggest evaporation and crystallization processes leading to halite encrustation in the Disang shales. Negative Eh, low NO and the absence of SO indicates reduced condition coupled with rich dissolve organic matters leading to elevation of salts in soils around piedmont where the rock type is exclusively of the Disang shales. Trilinear plot, correlation matrix and water table flow analysis suggest salinization of groundwater originates in piedmont groundwater and disseminates towards alluvial plain and flood plain along the flow path.
- Subjects
INDIA; WATER salinization; GROUNDWATER; WATER chemistry; SALT; ANTICLINES; SYNCLINES; FLAVIOL; AQUIFERS
- Publication
Environmental Earth Sciences, 2017, Vol 76, Issue 20, p1
- ISSN
1866-6280
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s12665-017-7036-4