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- Title
The Organization and Administration of Tianguan in Hexi during the Western Han Dynasty.
- Authors
Tong Chun Fung
- Abstract
The present paper attempts to reinterpret the organization and administration of the tianguan ... institutions situated in Hexi ..., which were established by the Han government during the reign of Emperor Wu as one of the regional administrations duguan ..., and served as important units in military farming .... The paper argues that nongzhang ..., instead of being merely a district ... level official subordinate to nongling ..., should be classified as the magistrate in the bureaucracy of tianguan; and nongsefu ... should be considered as the real district-level official of tianguan. The paper further examines the changes within the bureaucratic framework of tianguan in Juyan ..., showing that there were two radical reformations in its framework: the first one occurred between the reign of Emperor Zhao and Emperor Xuan, which led to the establishment of a more organized structure and uniform boundary; the second happened in Wang Mang's reign as part of his land reforms, which involved not only a renaming of the bureau from tianguan to xiantian ..., but also a restructuring from a bureau which was not committed to civilian administration, to a quasi-county organization that processed direct control over people within its jurisdiction. The remaining parts of the paper primarily use xingma ... tianguan in Jianshui ... as an example, demonstrating the communications between tianguan and regional military units, i.e. commandants ... and companies ..., where the tianguan was located, and revealing that although tianguan was theoretically a regional branch office directly controlled by the Superintendent of Agriculture ..., it was supervised by regional military units in most administrative aspects.
- Subjects
CHINA; CITIES &; towns; PUBLIC administration; MAGISTRATES &; magistrates' courts; JURISDICTION (Administrative law); LAND reform; HAN Wudi, Emperor of China, 156 B.C.-87 B.C.; WANG Mang, Emperor of China, 33 B.C.-23 A.D.; HAN dynasty, China, 202 B.C.-220 A.D.; HISTORY
- Publication
Journal of Chinese Studies, 2014, Vol 59, p87
- ISSN
1016-4464
- Publication type
Article