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- Title
Associations of Maternal Weight Status Before, During, and After Pregnancy with Inflammatory Markers in Breast Milk.
- Authors
Whitaker, Kara M.; Marino, Regina C.; Haapala, Jacob L.; Foster, Laurie; Smith, Katy D.; Teague, April M.; Jacobs, David R.; Fontaine, Patricia L.; McGovern, Patricia M.; Schoenfuss, Tonya C.; Harnack, Lisa; Fields, David A.; Demerath, Ellen W.
- Abstract
<bold>Objective: </bold>The goal of this study was to examine the associations of maternal weight status before, during, and after pregnancy with breast milk C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), two bioactive markers of inflammation, measured at 1 and 3 months post partum.<bold>Methods: </bold>Participants were 134 exclusively breastfeeding mother-infant dyads taking part in the Mothers and Infants Linked for Health (MILK) study, who provided breast milk samples. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) were assessed by chart abstraction; postpartum weight loss was measured at the 1- and 3-month study visits. Linear regression was used to examine the associations of maternal weight status with repeated measures of breast milk CRP and IL-6 at 1 and 3 months, after adjustment for potential confounders.<bold>Results: </bold>Pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG, but not total GWG or postpartum weight loss, were independently associated with breast milk CRP after adjustment (β = 0.49, P < 0.001 and β = 0.51, P = 0.011, respectively). No associations were observed for IL-6.<bold>Conclusions: </bold>High pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG are associated with elevated levels of breast milk CRP. The consequences of infants receiving varying concentrations of breast milk inflammatory markers are unknown; however, it is speculated that there are implications for the intergenerational transmission of disease risk.
- Subjects
WEIGHT gain in pregnancy; BREAST milk; C-reactive protein; BREASTFEEDING; BODY mass index; INTERLEUKINS; LONGITUDINAL method; MOTHERS; PUERPERIUM; RESEARCH funding; WEIGHT gain
- Publication
Obesity (19307381), 2017, Vol 25, Issue 12, p2092
- ISSN
1930-7381
- Publication type
journal article
- DOI
10.1002/oby.22025