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- Title
Two-Stage Robust Lossless DWI Watermarking Based on Transformer Networks in the Wavelet Domain.
- Authors
Liu, Zhangyu; Li, Zhi; Zheng, Long; Li, Dandan
- Abstract
For copyright protection of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) images, traditional robust watermarking techniques result in irreversible distortions, while reversible watermarking methods exhibit poor robustness. We propose a two-stage lossless watermarking algorithm based on a Transformer network to solve this problem. The first stage of the algorithm is to train the robust watermarking network, embed the watermark into the cover image in the wavelet domain, and design the frequency information enhancement module to improve the reconstruction quality. In the second stage, based on the pre-trained robust watermarking network, the difference image between the watermarked image and the cover image is reversibly embedded into the watermarked image as the compensation information to losslessly recover the cover image. The difference image is compressed using DCT and Huffman coding to reduce the compensation information. Finally, the watermark extraction network is trained on the second embedding result to avoid weakening the robustness of the first stage caused by the reversible embedding. The experimental results demonstrate that the PSNR of the watermarked image reaches 60.18 dB. Under various types of image attacks, the watermark extraction BER is below 0.003, indicating excellent robustness. The cover image can be recovered losslessly under no attack.
- Subjects
DIGITAL watermarking; WATERMARKS; HUFFMAN codes; COPYRIGHT; DIFFUSION magnetic resonance imaging
- Publication
Applied Sciences (2076-3417), 2023, Vol 13, Issue 12, p6886
- ISSN
2076-3417
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/app13126886