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- Title
Tongue microbiome of smokeless tobacco users.
- Authors
Halboub, Esam; Al-Ak'hali, Mohammed S.; Alamir, Abdulwahab H.; Homeida, Husham E.; Baraniya, Divyashri; Chen, Tsute; Al-Hebshi, Nezar Noor
- Abstract
Background: The possibility that smokeless tobacco may contribute to oral carcinogenesis by influencing the oral microbiome has not been explored. This preliminary cross-sectional study sought to assess the effect of using shammah, a form of smokeless tobacco prevalent in Arabia, on the tongue microbiome. Tongue scarping samples were obtained from 29 shammah users (SU; 27.34 ± 6.9 years) and 23 shammah non-users (SNU; 27.7 ± 7.19 years) and analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1-V3). Species-level taxonomy assignment of the high-quality, merged reads was obtained using a previously described BLASTn-based algorithm. Downstream analyses were performed with QIIME, LEfSe, and R. Results: A total of 178 species, belonging to 62 genera and 8 phyla were identified. Genera Streptococcus, Leptotrichia, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Haemophilus, Prevotella and Neisseria accounted for more than 60% of the average microbiome. There were no differences between the two groups in species richness and alpha-diversity, but PCoA showed significant separation (P = 0.015, ANOSIM). LEfSe analysis identified 22 species to be differentially abundant between the SU and SNU. However, only 7 species maintained a false discovery rate of ≤0.2 and could cluster the two groups separately: Rothia mucilaginosa, Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 66, Actinomyces meyeri, Streptococcus vestibularis Streptococcus sanguinis and a potentially novel Veillonella species in association with SU, and Oribacterium asaccharolyticum with SNU. Conclusion: These preliminary results indicate that shammah use induces tongue microbiome changes including enrichment of several species with high acetaldehyde production potential, which warrants further investigation.
- Subjects
ARABIAN Peninsula; SMOKELESS tobacco; STREPTOCOCCUS sanguis; FALSE discovery rate; CHRYSOPHYCEAE; SPECIES diversity; HYPOGLOSSAL nerve
- Publication
BMC Microbiology, 2020, Vol 20, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
1471-2180
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1186/s12866-020-01883-8