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- Title
Development of Biological Risk Assessment Protocols for Evaluating the Risks of In-Water Cleaning of Hull-Fouling Organisms.
- Authors
Hyun, Bonggil; Jang, Pung-Guk; Jang, Min-Chul; Kang, Jung-Hoon; Kim, Ju-Hyoung; Ki, Jang-Seu; Choi, Dong Han; Yu, Ok Hwan; Seo, Jin-Young; Lee, Woo-Jin; Shin, Kyoungsoon
- Abstract
Herein, we evaluate the scientific basis for managing hull fouling of ships entering Korean ports, diagnose biological risks that may occur when in-water cleaning (IWC) systems remove hull fouling, and present a protocol for evaluating these risks (the Korean Infection Modes and Effects Analysis; K-IMEA). Protocol development included the selection of core elements and scenario design for IWC and the evaluation of regrowth experiments. The K-IMEA index was designed by considering the inoculation pathway of attaching organisms in all processes to ships that enter a port for in-water cleaning. A number of risk indices were defined: R1—Introduction/Establishment of alien species before in-water cleaning; R2—Establishment of alien species escaped during in-water cleaning; R3—Introduction/Establishment of alien species after in-water cleaning; and R4—Establishment of alien species in effluent water. K-IMEA regrowth experiments (R2 and R4) using the in-water cleaning effluent showed that the attachment and regrowth of prokaryotes, microalgae, and macroalgae were successfully detected. In particular, prokaryotes were observed in samples filtered through a 5 μm mesh of the in-water cleaning effluent, even at a low fouling rating (Levels 1–2). These experiments suggest a necessity to consider a secondary treatment method in addition to the primary filtration method for the treatment of in-water cleaning effluents.
- Subjects
SOUTH Korea; SHIP hull fouling; ENVIRONMENTAL risk assessment; RISK assessment; ORGANISMS; INTRODUCED species; CLEANING
- Publication
Journal of Marine Science & Engineering, 2024, Vol 12, Issue 2, p234
- ISSN
2077-1312
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/jmse12020234