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- Title
ARILAR VE İNSEKTİSİTLER.
- Authors
Özbek, Hikmet
- Abstract
Goal: The goal of this review to summarize honey bees and wild bees and the effects of inseetieides. Discussion: Bees are a group of insects take place in the Apiformes group of the superfamily Apoidea of the order Hymenoprera. Bees have usually robust a hairy body, they differ from nearly all hymenopters in their dependence on pollen collected from flowers as a protein source to feed their larvae. Thus nearly all bees are plant feeders (phytophag). Nearly 20 000 species of bees have been formally described, and as many as 30 000 are estimated worldwide. Most of them are solitary species in which females single-handedly make a nest and produce the next generation of fertile offspring. Honey bee. Apis metlifera L. is the most important social bee species occurs almost worldwide. Pollination is an essential ecosystem service that depends to a large extent on symbiosis between species, the pollinated and pollinator. There is a close association between flowering plant and bees. Diversity among species, including agricultural crops, depends on bee pollination. Bees pollinate over 16% of the world's flowering plant speeies. Although honey bee produees honey, wax, royal jelly, and propolis it plays a dominant role, being the only managed pollinator available for field and outdoor fruit erops. Additionally, honey bee is aetive in late winter and early spring, therefore, honey bee eolonies are able to muster large numbers of pollinators when they are needed for late winter and early spring blooms, as well as throughout the rest of the growing season. Wild bees are also valuable pollinators of many eultivated and uneultivated plants. The potential for using wild bees as managed erop pollinators has long been known. Several wild bee speeies eurrently are being used commercially or have potential for use as agricultural pollinators in various countries. Among the wild commercial pollinators, Osmia cornuta Latreille, O. rufa L. (fruit pollinators) and Megachite rotundata Fabricius (alfalfa pollinator) occur in Turkey too. Osmia cerinthidis Morawitz and 0. caerulescens (L.) have potential for use as fruit pollinators, those of Rophites (Rhophitoides) canus Eversmann, Melitturga clavicornis Latr. and Melitta leporina Pr. have potential for alfalfa pollinators. Bumble bees are also important pollinators. Approximately 50 bumble bee species occur in Turkey. Although rearing bumble bees, faces many serious problems they are highly efficient greenhouse crop pollinators: Bombus terrestris L. has been using for especially pollination of tomato in greenhouses since 199O's in some European countries as well as in Turkey. In general, B. terrestris occurs up to 1200 m in Turkey. S. terrestris was once very common along the coastal region of the country, last 15-20 years it has become extinct in this natural range due to residential area occupied almost all these places. I have to emphasize that all bumble bee species decline dramatically in the country. In the USA and some other developed countries honey bee, A. meilifera has been used commercially in the pollination of agricultural crops; even demand for agricultural pollination services is increasing, particularly for crops that depend completely on pollinators. Although agriculture in Turkey is highly dependent on insect pollination, in particular from the honey bee, using honey bee commercially on crop pollination is very rare. Most agricultural pollination is provided an unpaid service by feral A. meilifera and wild bees. Unfortunately, there has been conflict between beekeepers and agricultural growers since the beginning of application of pesticides in the field. Particularly, beekeepers have been against pesticide applications due to giving damage to the bees, on the other hand, plant growers do not know the importance of bees as pollinators and bee pollination is required to produce good quality and quantity of crops. Recent years, some plant growers recognized the importance of bees in agriculture; they realized that pollination increases the value of the crops through higher yields and improved the quality. Thus, occasionally some growers, particularly in the western part of the country, request from beekeepers to move their colonies to the vicinity of their crop lands. However, Agricultural Ministry, Universities and Research Institutes should prepare comprehensive and extensive long-term programs for education of the plant growers and beekeepers on using honey bee and even wild bees in the pollination of agricultural crops. Moreover, Agricultural Ministry could support the plant growers financially for using bees commercially in the pollination of agricultural crops. Many insecticides used to control harmful insects can be poisonous to bees and other beneficial insects. Most insecticides are especially injurious and even eliminate some pollinator populations in ecosystems. Toxicity of insecticides to honey bee and wild bees were indicated in Table 1 and 2. Contusion: For protecting bees from harmful effects of insecticides: first of all, beekeepers should select the apiary locations with low pesticide risk whenever possible. Colonies of bees can be affected severely by improper use of insecticides. To protect bees and other beneficial insects, always safest insecticides should be used. Before spraying, growers should alert beekeepers at least one to two days before spraying. Timing of insecticide application is important: when crop is in bloom never spray, if it is absolutely necessary late evening or early morning hours should be preferred. Weeds in blooming in crop area should be eliminated. Less hazard insecticides formulations should be preferred. Moreover, it is worthy to indicate that fortunately, pesticides and other agricultural chemicals are not incorporated into the honey bee. Bees that collect pesticide-contaminated nectar or pollen usually die away from the hive. Bees usually leave the hive if they become poisoned. It is obvious that contaminated pollens may kill the nurse bees and the brood.
- Subjects
BEES; INSECTICIDES; HYMENOPTERA; ANGIOSPERMS; POLLINATION by insects; SYMBIOSIS
- Publication
Uludag Bee Journal, 2010, Vol 10, Issue 3, p85
- ISSN
1303-0248
- Publication type
Article