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- Title
Minimally Invasive Saliva Testing to Monitor Norovirus Infection in Community Settings.
- Authors
Pisanic, Nora; Ballard, Sarah-Blythe; Colquechagua, Fabiola D; François, Ruthly; Exum, Natalie; Yori, Pablo Peñataro; Schwab, Kellogg J; Granger, Douglas A; Detrick, Barbara; Olortegui, Maribel Paredes; Mayta, Holger; Sánchez, Gerardo J; Gilman, Robert H; Heaney, Christopher D; Vinjé, Jan; Kosek, Margaret N
- Abstract
<bold>Background: </bold>Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Routine norovirus diagnosis requires stool collection. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a noninvasive method to diagnose norovirus to complement stool diagnostics and to facilitate studies on transmission.<bold>Methods: </bold>A multiplex immunoassay to measure salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to 5 common norovirus genotypes (GI.1, GII.2, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17) was developed. The assay was validated using acute and convalescent saliva samples collected from Peruvian children <5 years of age with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-diagnosed norovirus infections (n = 175) and controls (n = 32). The assay sensitivity and specificity were calculated to determine infection status based on fold rise of salivary norovirus genotype-specific IgG using norovirus genotype from stool as reference.<bold>Results: </bold>The salivary assay detected recent norovirus infections and correctly assigned the infecting genotype. Sensitivity was 71% and specificity was 96% across the evaluated genotypes compared to PCR-diagnosed norovirus infection.<bold>Conclusions: </bold>This saliva-based assay will be a useful tool to monitor norovirus transmission in high-risk settings such as daycare centers or hospitals. Cross-reactivity is limited between the tested genotypes, which represent the most commonly circulating genotypes.
- Subjects
PERU; NOROVIRUS diseases; DAY care centers; SALIVA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; POLYMERASE chain reaction; COMPARATIVE studies; FECES; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; RESEARCH methodology; MEDICAL cooperation; RESEARCH; RESEARCH funding; RNA viruses; VIRAL antibodies; EVALUATION research; CASE-control method; RECEIVER operating characteristic curves; REVERSE transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- Publication
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2019, Vol 219, Issue 8, p1234
- ISSN
0022-1899
- Publication type
journal article
- DOI
10.1093/infdis/jiy638