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- Title
Can panic be induced in deep sleep? Examining the necessity of cognitive processing for panic.
- Authors
Koenigsberg, Harold W.; Pollak, Charles P.; Ferro, Dominic; Koenigsberg, H W; Pollak, C P; Ferro, D
- Abstract
This study examines the relative contribution of biological and psychological processes to the induction of panic attacks by a biochemical challenge agent. Panicogenic doses of caffeine were administered to 8 panic disorder (PD) patients and 11 healthy volunteers during stage 3-4 sleep, when cognitive processing is minimal and the threshold to external stimuli is high. Panic attacks were induced directly from sleep in 3 subjects and subclinical panics in an additional 3. Subjects who experienced full panic attacks spent periods of time ranging from 4 to 52 minutes in stage 2 sleep before awakening in a panic, while those who awakened in subclinical panic awakened almost directly from stage 4 sleep. PD patients experienced significantly more panic symptoms than healthy volunteers. Although limited by a small sample size, this study suggests a combined biological-psychological model of panic induction in which panic disorder patients are more biologically predisposed than healthy controls to panic symptoms but may require cognitive processing for the elaboration of a full panic attack.
- Subjects
PANIC attacks; BIOCHEMICAL toxicology; TOXICOLOGICAL interactions; COGNITION; SLEEP
- Publication
Depression & Anxiety (1091-4269), 1998, Vol 8, Issue 3, p126
- ISSN
1091-4269
- Publication type
journal article
- DOI
10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)8:3<126::AID-DA5>3.0.CO;2-H