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- Title
Tarsal tunnel syndrome secondary to accessory or variant muscles: a clinical and anatomical systematic review.
- Authors
Yammine, Kaissar; Daher, Jimmy Constantin; Tannoury, Esther Haykal; Assi, Chahine
- Abstract
Purpose: Many etiologies are known to lead to a tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS). One rare cause is mass-occupying lesions, and particularly accessory or variant muscles (AVM). This study aimed to systematically collect published clinical cases of TTS caused by AVM. Methods: An electronic literature search was conducted from inception to April 2021. The diagnosis of AVM should be reported in one of the following methods: ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or per-operatively. Data extraction included types and prevalence of accessory muscles, clinical presentation and diagnosis, and treatment modalities. Twenty-five studies were identified with a total 39 patients (47 ankles). Results: The prevalence of TTS was reported in only two studies (9%). Forty-nine AVM were identified with the accessory flexor digitorum longus being the most common (52%). The most common sign/symptoms were tenderness (78.7%), pain (82.9%), dysesthesia (57.4%), Tinel sign (44.6%), and a swelling (25.5%). Decompression and excision were the most commonly performed procedures. Four accessory/variant muscles in the ankle have the potential to induce a tarsal tunnel syndrome. Conclusion: This review highlights the clinical and imagery specificities of TTS secondary to accessory or variant muscles. Mass-occupying etiology should be included in the list of differential diagnoses whenever a posterior tibial nerve compression is suspected.
- Subjects
TARSAL tunnel syndrome; ENTRAPMENT neuropathies; FOOT diseases; ETIOLOGY of diseases; MEDICAL care
- Publication
Surgical & Radiologic Anatomy, 2022, Vol 44, Issue 5, p645
- ISSN
0930-1038
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s00276-022-02932-9