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- Title
The Impact of Fine Particulate Matter 2.5 on the Cardiovascular System: A Review of the Invisible Killer.
- Authors
Basith, Shaherin; Manavalan, Balachandran; Shin, Tae Hwan; Park, Chan Bae; Lee, Wang-Soo; Kim, Jaetaek; Lee, Gwang
- Abstract
Air pollution exerts several deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounting for 80% of all premature deaths caused by air pollution. Short-term exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) leads to acute CVD-associated deaths and nonfatal events, whereas long-term exposure increases CVD-associated risk of death and reduces longevity. Here, we summarize published data illustrating how PM2.5 may impact the cardiovascular system to provide information on the mechanisms by which it may contribute to CVDs. We provide an overview of PM2.5, its associated health risks, global statistics, mechanistic underpinnings related to mitochondria, and hazardous biological effects. We elaborate on the association between PM2.5 exposure and CVD development and examine preventive PM2.5 exposure measures and future strategies for combating PM2.5-related adverse health effects. The insights gained can provide critical guidelines for preventing pollution-related CVDs through governmental, societal, and personal measures, thereby benefitting humanity and slowing climate change.
- Subjects
PARTICULATE matter; CARDIOVASCULAR system; AIR pollution; EARLY death; CARDIOVASCULAR diseases; CLIMATE change
- Publication
Nanomaterials (2079-4991), 2022, Vol 12, Issue 15, p2656
- ISSN
2079-4991
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nano12152656