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- Title
Associations of Aerobic Fitness and Maximal Muscular Strength With Metabolites in Young Men.
- Authors
Kujala, Urho M.; Vaara, Jani P.; Kainulainen, Heikki; Vasankari, Tommi; Vaara, Elina; Kyröläinen, Heikki
- Abstract
This cross-sectional study of young Finnish men examines the associations of aerobic fitness and muscular strength with metabolome measures that are associated with cardiometabolic risks. Key Points: Question: Are aerobic fitness and maximal muscular strength associated with metabolites that are associated with cardiometabolic disease risk? Findings: In this cross-sectional study of 580 young Finnish men, after adjusting for covariates, aerobic fitness accounted for more than an additional 5% of the variation of 25 serum metabolome measures that are associated with a reduction in cardiometabolic risk. There were fewer beneficial associations of maximal muscular strength with the studied metabolic risk factors. Meaning: Aerobic fitness was associated with beneficial levels of metabolites associated with reduced vascular and metabolic disease risk. Importance: High physical fitness is associated with a reduction in risk of cardiovascular diseases and death, but the underlying mechanisms are insufficiently understood. Objective: To determine how aerobic fitness and muscular strength are associated with serum metabolome measures. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study included Finnish men receiving military refresher training from May 5, 2015, to November 28, 2015, representing partly overlapping groups of individuals with the lowest vs highest aerobic fitness and the lowest vs highest muscular strength. Data analyses were conducted from January 1, 2018, to May 31, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: The associations of aerobic fitness (determined with maximum oxygen consumption in milliliters per minute per kilogram, measured with maximal cycle ergometer test) and muscular strength (determined with a maximal strength test for lower extremities in kilograms) with 66 metabolome measures from fasting serum samples (nuclear magnetic resonance–based metabolomics) were analyzed. Results: Participants included 580 Finnish men (mean [SD] age, 26.1 [6.5] years). Including overlap between groups, there were 196 men in the lowest aerobic fitness group and 197 men in the highest aerobic fitness group as well as 196 men in the lowest muscular strength group and 197 men in the highest muscular strength group. Of 66 studied metabolome measures, 48 differed between high vs low aerobic fitness groups, including small very low-density lipoprotein (standardized median difference, −0.67; 95% CI, −0.83 to −0.49), large high-density lipoprotein (standardized median difference, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.69-1.15), total triglyceride levels (standardized median difference, −0.52; 95% CI, −0.65 to −0.34), isoleucine (standardized median difference, −0.37; 95% CI, −0.55 to −0.16), leucine (standardized median difference, −0.55; 95% CI, −0.72 to −0.34), phenylalanine (standardized median difference, −0.54; 95% CI, −0.71 to −0.32), glycerol (standardized median difference, −0.64; 95% CI, −0.81 to −0.48), and glycoprotein (standardized median difference, −0.78; 95% CI, −0.95 to −0.62) concentration, a high unsaturation degree of fatty acids (standardized median difference, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.42-0.81), and apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1 ratio (standardized median difference, −0.88; 95% CI, −1.08 to −0.67). Adding aerobic fitness into the regression model after age, education, smoking, use of alcohol, and dietary factors accounted for more than an additional 5% of variation for 25 metabolome measures (R2 range, 5.01%-15.90% by measure). With these 2 criteria, maximal muscular strength was not associated with any metabolome measures. Aerobic fitness was associated with high large high-density lipoprotein particle concentration (R2, 14.97%; 95% CI, 10.65%-20.85%), low apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1 ratio (R2, 14.49%; 95% CI, 10.58%-19.51%), and low glycoprotein concentration (R2, 15.90%; 95% CI, 11.22%-21.51%). Aerobic fitness was also associated with low very low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, glycerol, and glycoprotein concentrations and with a high unsaturation degree of fatty acids. Adjusting for recent physical activity influenced the results minimally. Adjusting for body fat percentage showed that some of the associations were mechanistically associated with body fat percentage. Conclusions and Relevance: This study provides data on the association of high aerobic fitness with underlying oxidative lipid metabolism associated with a reduction in cardiometabolic risk. High maximal muscular strength is not similarly associated with these benefits.
- Subjects
FINLAND; CARDIOVASCULAR disease prevention; ADIPOSE tissues; AEROBIC exercises; APOLIPOPROTEINS; BLOOD pressure; BODY composition; CONFIDENCE intervals; ALCOHOL drinking; FATTY acids; FOOD habits; GLYCERIN; GLYCOPROTEINS; HEART beat; HIGH density lipoproteins; LEUCINE; LOW density lipoproteins; MEN'S health; MILITARY education; MUSCLE strength; PHENYLALANINE; PHYSICAL fitness; RESEARCH funding; SMOKING; TRIGLYCERIDES; SOCIOECONOMIC factors; AEROBIC capacity; BODY mass index; OXYGEN consumption; CROSS-sectional method; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; ISOLEUCINE; CARDIOPULMONARY fitness; INTRACLASS correlation
- Publication
JAMA Network Open, 2019, Vol 2, Issue 8, pe198265
- ISSN
2574-3805
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.8265