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- Title
Investigation of the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Liquidambar orientalis Leaf Extract on RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells.
- Authors
ŞAHİN, Hümeyra; ÖZMAN, Zeynep; KOÇYİĞİT, Abdurrahim
- Abstract
Introduction: Liquidambar orientalis, or the "Anatolian Sweetgum Tree", native to the southwestern coastal regions of Turkey, has shown antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcerogenic, and hepatoprotective effects in various studies. However, its anti-inflammatory effects have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effect of L. orientalis leaf extract (LOLE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- Stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Method: L. orientalis leaves were dried in 40 °C incubator overnight and extracted using 80% ethanol. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed using colorimetric methods. Western blot (WB) method was used to determine nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. ELISA was employed to analyze tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), and IL-6 cytokine levels. The cytokine levels of the extract were compared with those of methotrexate. Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in LOLE were measured as 618.04±6.71 mgGAE/g and 42.81±3.95 mgQE/g, respectively. WB results demonstrated that LOLE suppressed the expression of inflammation-related proteins iNOS and NF-κB in LPS (1 µg/mL) induced RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). The ELISA results revealed optimal suppression of IL-1ß and TNF-a levels in LPS-induced cell culture at a 0.5 mg/mL LOLE dose, whereas IL-6 was best suppressed at 1 mg/mL (p<0.001). When 0.5 mg/mL LOLE was compared with 50 µM methotrexate in LPS-induced cell culture, LOLE showed a greater decrease in IL-1ß levels (p<0.001). Conclusion: LOLE decreased inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-a by regulating the iNOS and NF-κB pathways, suggesting its potential as an alternative anti-inflammatory treatment.
- Subjects
TURKEY; TUMOR necrosis factors; LIQUIDAMBAR; NF-kappa B; ELLAGIC acid; NITRIC-oxide synthases; MACROPHAGES
- Publication
Bezmialem Science, 2024, Vol 13, pS3
- ISSN
2148-2373
- Publication type
Abstract