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- Title
Spent Lead-Acid Battery Recycling via Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Smelting and Its Reaction Mechanism in the PbSO<sub>4</sub>-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>-C System.
- Authors
Jokilaakso, Ari; Taskinen, Pekka; Wang, Yuejun; Yang, Shenghai; He, Jing; Chen, Yongming; Tang, Chaobo; Li, Yun
- Abstract
An innovative and environmentally friendly lead-acid battery paste recycling method is proposed. The reductive sulfur-fixing recycling technique was used to simultaneously extract lead and immobilize sulfur. SO2 emissions and pollution were significantly eliminated. In this work, the detailed lead extraction and sulfur-fixing mechanisms in the PbSO4-Fe3O4-Na2CO3-C system were investigated thermodynamically and experimentally, and the phase transformation and microstructural evolution processes characterized. In addition, a series of bench-scale pilot experiments were carried out to confirm the feasibility of the technique. The results show that the lead extraction and sulfur-fixing reactions followed the shrinking unreacted-core model. The recycling products were separated into three distinct layers: slag, matte, and crude lead bullion. Primary recoveries of 96.2% for lead and 98.9% for sulfur were obtained. The purity of the crude lead bullion was 98.6 wt.%. Sulfur was fixed in the solidified matte as FeS and NaFeS2.
- Subjects
LEAD; LEAD-acid batteries; EMISSIONS (Air pollution); SMELTING; PASTE; PILOT projects
- Publication
JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), 2019, Vol 71, Issue 7, p2368
- ISSN
1047-4838
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s11837-019-03529-1