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- Title
Iron; Benefits or threatens (with emphasis on mechanism and treatment of its poisoning).
- Authors
Rafati Rahimzadeh, Mehrdad; Rafati Rahimzadeh, Mehravar; Kazemi, Sohrab; Moghadamnia, Ahmad Reza; Ghaemi Amiri, Maryam; Moghadamnia, Ali Akbar
- Abstract
Iron is a necessary biological element and one of the richest in the human body, but it can cause changes in cell function and activity control. Iron is involved in a wide range of oxidation - reduction activities. Whenever iron exceeds the cellular metabolic needs, its excess causes changes in the products of cellular respiration, such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl. The formation of these compounds causes cellular toxicity. Lack of control over reactive oxygen species causes damages to DNA, proteins, and lipids. Conversely, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl are reactive oxygen species, using antioxidants, restoring DNA function, and controlling iron stores lead to natural conditions. Iron poisoning causes clinical manifestations in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, heart, kidneys, and hematopoietic system. When serum iron is elevated, serum iron concentrations, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and ferritin will also increase. Supportive care is provided by whole bowel irrigation (WBI), esophagogastroduodenoscopy is required to evaluate mucosal injury and remove undissolved iron tablets. The use of chelator agents such as deferoxamine mesylate, deferasirox, deferiprone, deferitrin are very effective in removing excess iron. Of course, the combined treatment of these chelators plays an important role in increasing iron excretion, and reducing side effects.
- Subjects
IRON metabolism; HEART disease risk factors; IRON; IRON in the body; CHELATING agents; CELL physiology; SUPEROXIDE dismutase; GASTROINTESTINAL diseases; LIVER diseases; HYDROXYLATION; REACTIVE oxygen species; DNA damage; OXIDATION-reduction reaction; HYDROGEN peroxide; DISEASE risk factors
- Publication
Human & Experimental Toxicology, 2023, Vol 42, p1
- ISSN
0960-3271
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1177/09603271231192361