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- Title
Vitamin D Status, VDR, and TLR Polymorphisms and Pulmonary Tuberculosis Epidemiology in Kazakhstan.
- Authors
Yerezhepov, Dauren; Gabdulkayum, Aidana; Akhmetova, Ainur; Kozhamkulov, Ulan A.; Rakhimova, Saule E.; Kairov, Ulykbek Y.; Zhunussova, Gulnur; Kalendar, Ruslan N.; Akilzhanova, Ainur
- Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and vitamin D deficiency remain major public health problems in Kazakhstan. Due to the high incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the country and based on the importance of vitamin D in the modulation of the immune response and the association of its deficiency with many health conditions, the aim of our research was to study the vitamin D status, VDR and TLR gene polymorphisms, and pulmonary tuberculosis epidemiology in Kazakhstan. Methods: A case-control study included 411 individuals diagnosed with pulmonary TB and 686 controls with no family history of pulmonary tuberculosis. Concentrations of serum vitamin D (25-(OH)D) levels were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The gene polymorphisms were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allelic discrimination assay using TaqMan probes. The association between the risk of pulmonary TB and polymorphisms was evaluated using multimodal logistic regression and assessed with the ORs, corresponding to 95% Cis, and the significance level was determined as p < 0.05. Results: 1097 individuals were recruited from 3 different regions of Kazakhstan. Biochemical data showed vitamin D deficiency (25-(OH)D < 20 ng/mL) was present in both groups, with the case group accounting for almost 95% and 43.7% in controls. Epidemiological data revealed that socioeconomic factors such as BMI < 25 kg/m2 (p < 0.001), employment (p < 0.001), diabetes (p < 0.001), and vitamin D deficiency (p < 0.001) were statistically different between case and control groups. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted by sex, age, BMI, residence, employment, smoking, alcohol consumption, and diabetes, showed that T/T polymorphism of the VDR gene (rs1544410, OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.04–3.72, p = 0.03) and A/A polymorphism of the TLR8 gene (rs3764880, OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.20–4.98, p = 0.01) were associated with a high risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency remains prevalent in our study cohort and is associated with TB progression. Socioeconomic determinants such as unemployment, BMI under 25 kg/m2, and diabetes are the main risk factors for the development of pulmonary TB in our study. A/A polymorphism of TLR8 (rs3764880) and T/T polymorphism (BsmI, rs1544410) of VDR genes may act as biomarkers for pulmonary tuberculosis in the Kazakh population.
- Subjects
KAZAKHSTAN; TUBERCULOSIS epidemiology; TUBERCULOSIS risk factors; STATURE; DISEASE progression; BIOMARKERS; BODY weight; CONFIDENCE intervals; ANTHROPOMETRY; MULTIPLE regression analysis; AGE distribution; GENETIC polymorphisms; CASE-control method; INTERVIEWING; ACQUISITION of data; DIABETES; VITAMIN D; RISK assessment; IMMUNOASSAY; SOCIOECONOMIC factors; SEX distribution; QUESTIONNAIRES; MEDICAL records; EMPLOYMENT; RESEARCH funding; ALCOHOL drinking; POLYMERASE chain reaction; ODDS ratio; BODY mass index; VITAMIN D deficiency; SMOKING
- Publication
Nutrients, 2024, Vol 16, Issue 4, p558
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu16040558